Event Timing: Friday, March 3, 2023 2 p.m.
Event Address: IMPACT Community Action: 711 Southwood Ave. Columbus, Ohio 43207
Questions?  Contact housingnavigation@impactca.org

Addressing the pandemic-exacerbated housing crisis demands an all-hands-on-deck approach. Residents, practitioners, policymakers, funders, and researchers must come together to learn and act in real time to keep renters stably housed. In fact, innovative policy solutions have been designed and implemented over the past two and a half years, and the present moment provides us an opportunity to better understand and assess the effects and future prospects of a more stable and secure housing market for renter families. 

In this context, the Housing Crisis Research Collaborative launched in April 2020 to solicit and respond to the most pressing questions policymakers and practitioners have faced throughout the pandemic. Comprising four research institutions, seven practitioner networks, and multiple partner researchers, the collaborative works in real time to address questions around what forms of rental assistance and eviction prevention show the most promise, how renters are responding to financial stress, how landlords are responding to arrears, and which regulatory and legislative fixes have been most effective.

Join the Housing Crisis Research Collaborative and the Urban Institute for insights from published and upcoming research on how policymakers, researchers, community members, and funders can work together to support renter stability and equitable rental housing in the US during and beyond the pandemic.

Opening remarks

• Solomon Greene, Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary for Policy Development and Research, US Department of Housing and Urban Development

Panel 1: Leveraging and Learning: How Are Local Governments Using Federal Dollars for Renter Stability?

• Samantha Fu, Policy Associate, Research to Action Lab, Urban Institute

• Elizabeth Kneebone, Assistant Vice President, Community Development Research, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco

Panel 2: Eviction Prevention after the Emergency Rental Assistance Program

• Alexa Eisenberg, Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Poverty Solutions, University of Michigan

• Ray Kong, Legal Director, Lawyers for Equal Justice, Hawaiʻi Appleseed Center for Law & Economic Justice

• Katherine M. O’Regan, Professor of Public Policy and Planning, Director of the Master of Science in Public Policy Program, and Director of the Furman Center for Real Estate and Urban Policy, New York University

• Zach Neumann, Cofounder, Executive Director, and Attorney, Covid-19 Eviction Defense Project; Nonresident Fellow, Metropolitan Housing and Communities Policy Center, Urban Institute (moderator)

Additional speakers to be announced.

In the last few years, at least eight states have passed eviction record sealing laws, and eviction sealing legislation is being considered in several other cities and states across the country. These laws protect tenants by limiting the ability of tenant screening companies to access eviction filing data and sell it to landlords, locking tenants - even those who ultimately had their eviction cases dismissed - out of future housing opportunities.

At the same time, eviction sealing laws can obscure access to court records, which are the primary data source for tracking evictions and informing policies to prevent them.

Join the Future of Land and Housing Program at New America to discuss the wave of eviction record sealing legislation gaining traction across the country, and hear from local stakeholders at the forefront of finding ways to preserve access to court data for the public good while still protecting tenants.

Agenda:

 
Welcome: Yuliya Panfil, Director, New America Future of Land and Housing Program

 
Opening Remarks: Why Eviction Record Sealing is Urgent and Necessary

Natasha Duarte, Project Director, Upturn

Marie Claire Tran-Leung, Evictions Initiative Project Director and Staff Attorney, National Housing Law Partnership

 
Panel: How to Preserve Access to Eviction Data while Protecting Tenant Privacy?

Brittany Ruffin, Senior Counsel, The Washington Legal Clinic on the Homeless

Scott Davis, Public Information Officer, Maricopa County Justice Courts

Moderator: Sabiha Zainulbhai, Senior Policy Analyst, New America Future of Land and Housing Program

Q&A Session

About this event

* Distinguishing between Employees, Independent Contractors and Volunteers

* Labor Union Organizing

* Remote Work Issues

* Nonprofit Advocacy vs Lobbying

* Using a Relation 501(c)(4) to Engage in Lobbying

* Q&A

Have you ever struggled to help your clients keep their rental housing? Would you like to learn how to assist your clients who are at-risk of eviction as they communicate with their landlords during this difficult situation? We provide critical training skills for professionals who want to assist tenants in maintaining housing stability. In this course, you will learn: 1. How best to help tenants before, during and after they may become at-risk of involvement in an eviction proceeding. 2. How tenants can avoid the top 10 mistakes that often lead to eviction. 3. How to link tenants in need to a host of community resources that are available in Central Ohio to help during a sudden/short- term housing crisis. 4. How tenants with past evictions or less than perfect credit can access decent housing, even in today’s housing market. This course will take place from 8:30 a.m. to noon (Eastern Time). Please note that the deadline to register is 48 hours prior to the start date/time of the training.

City Council to vote on:

AN ORDINANCE TO AMEND THE CODE OF ORDINANCES OF THE CITY OF GAHANNA, ENACTING CHAPTERS 790, 791 AND 792 TO CREATE A FAIR HOUSING BOARD, TO ESTABLISH HOUSING NONDISCRIMINATION LAWS, AND TO CODIFY AN AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE TO EVICTION COMMONLY REFERRED TO AS PAY TO STAY

January 18, 2022, at 3:00 pm ET

Attendees will learn about the NCSC Eviction Diversion Initiative application process and have an opportunity to have their questions about the grant program and application answered. All questions must be submitted ahead of time to EDI@ncsc.org. This session will be recorded and posted to NCSC.org/eviction.

Panelists
Danielle Hirsch, Principal Court Management Consultant, NCSC
Samira A. Nazem, Principal Court Management Consultant, NCSC

Register here!

You can watch a video of our first informational session here.

Have you ever struggled to help your clients keep their rental housing? Would you like to learn how to assist your clients who are at-risk of eviction as they communicate with their landlords during this difficult situation? We provide critical training skills for professionals who want to assist tenants in maintaining housing stability. In this course, you will learn: 1. How best to help tenants before, during and after they may become at-risk of involvement in an eviction proceeding. 2. How tenants can avoid the top 10 mistakes that often lead to eviction. 3. How to link tenants in need to a host of community resources that are available in Central Ohio to help during a sudden/short- term housing crisis. 4. How tenants with past evictions or less than perfect credit can access decent housing, even in today’s housing market. This course will take place from 8:30 a.m. to noon (Eastern Time). Please note that the deadline to register is 48 hours prior to the start date/time of the training.

As the nation urgently seeks to prevent renters from losing their homes, the legal and judicial systems offer a viable path to effective eviction-prevention strategies. Even absent legislative changes, officials from the U.S. Department of Justice have made a national call to judges, attorneys and court administrators to institute protocols and practices that ensure household stability.

Join Enterprise as we explore the role the legal and judicial systems play in the eviction process, the impact of court policies and processes on residents, and the safeguards needed to ensure renters in your community can avoid eviction – and create a fairer playing field when eviction filings do happen. Our panel will share a range of strategies and best practices that leaders in the legal system and courts can implement to stem the tide of the pending eviction crisis and provide long-term stability for families.

Panelists:

• Eric Dunn, Director of Litigation, National Housing Law Project
• Keith Ellison, Attorney General of Minnesota
• Danielle Hirsch and Zach Zarnow, Principal Court Management Consultants, National Center for State Courts
• Honorable Annette M. Rizzo (Ret.), JAMS (Judicial Arbitration Mediation Services)
• Christine Stoneman, Chief Federal Coordination and Compliance Section, U.S. Department of Justice

This 90-minute webinar is the second in Enterprise’s four-part series on innovative responses to prevent evictions and preserve affordable homes. The series examines the short and long-term impacts of eviction on families and the economic viability of the mom-and-pop owners who represent the nation’s largest sector of property owners. We look at emerging best practices and innovations that promise to create a more equitable housing system. Stay tuned for dates and registration information on the next two events

*I understand that my registration also subscribes me to future announcements and related content about Enterprise Community Partners.

The Zanesville Think Tank on Poverty and the Zanesville Citizen Housing Connection are partnering with Community Mediation Services of Central Ohio to offer a free community eviction prevention workshop on June 28th, 4pm - 6:30pm.

This presentation will be useful for low income community members, agency staff and volunteers that assist the community.

The workshop will feature:

• Critical education for those who want to empower vulnerable tenants to maintain stable housing.

• A detailed overview of the top 10 mistakes by tenants that often lead to eviction

• How to link tenants in need with a local resources that will allow them to weather a housing crisis.

The COVID-19 pandemic has left many Americans facing severe financial distress and a looming surge in eviction lawsuits due to unpaid rent. Over the past year, 43 states and the CDC temporarily halted evictions by issuing moratoria that prohibited the filing or the enforcement of eviction lawsuits. Currently, however, most state-level moratoria have lapsed, and the federal CDC moratorium is slated to expire on June 30th.   

So what happens next? The Pew Charitable Trusts and the Eviction Lab invite you to participate in an interactive webinar about what state policymakers can do to establish both immediate and long-term solutions to manage the eviction lawsuits that experts warn will soon flood court dockets.   

During the webinar researchers Emily Benfer (Wake Forest University) and Peter Hepburn (Rutgers University-Newark) will present on how states can apply lessons learned from the moratoria to address the eviction crisis moving forward. The presentation will be followed by a panel of leaders from state and local governments across the country, who will share their experiences with adopting policy changes and provide practical tips and strategies for other state leaders exploring this issue.  Panelists will include:  

• Keith Ellison, Minnesota Attorney General

• Anne-Louise Wirthlin, Director of Access to Justice and Strategic Collaboration at Tennessee Courts

• Julie Gonzales, Colorado State Senator

• Mark Dodds, Senior Manager at City of Philadelphia’s Division of Housing and Community Development

The panel will be followed by Q&A session with the researchers and state leaders. Attendees are encouraged to come prepared with specific questions or suggestions they have about eviction policy solutions in their jurisdictions. 

A webinar covering essential federal eviction defense protections critical to representing tenants in the post-CDC eviction halt order period, beginning July 1, 2021. Will cover the CARES Act notice provisions, Emergency Rental Assistance Programs and payment plans, and reasonable accommodation defenses in the late-pandemic period, plus the opportunity for Q&A and a brief practice tips panel featuring HJN members.

Millions of Americans face housing instability and are at risk of eviction and subsequent homelessness. Our next eviction-related briefing will examine the pandemic’s effect on housing stability and renters’ vulnerabilities to being evicted and losing their housing. On Wednesday, June 9, 2021, from 4:00-4:45 pm ET, attend a research snapshot presentation by Kathryn Reynolds, Senior Program Manager at the Urban Institute, who will offer an overview of data about renter stability (including historical trends, demographic data, and how renters are faring during the pandemic). This presentation will provide insights from Census Pulse Survey and other data and will touch on rent relief available through state and local governments. Register today.

Data like this is important to help courts and court staff understand the scope of housing instability and looming eviction filings, as well as the widening racial inequities in housing. State and local courts across the country have begun planning for what happens when their local and/or the CDC moratorium expire. Over the next few months, NCSC will continue to offer programming and resources to assist state courts with ways to address the upcoming eviction cases.

For questions about this briefing or NCSC’s eviction resources, please contact Danielle Hirsch at dhirsch@ncsc.org or 303-308-4318 or Zach Zarnow at ZZarnow@ncsc.org or 303-308-4334.

Join tenants, public housing residents, and unhoused leaders from the Homes Guarantee Campaign in launching our historic stepping stone campaign for a National Tenants' Bill of Rights. We'll spend time discussing what it means to be a tenant in America and how we can set the stage for a century of radical tenant organizing. Then, we'll share our strategy to engage over 1 million tenants in imagining the National Tenants' Bill of Rights that we deserve. Lastly, we'll share how you and tenants from all corners of the country can play a critical role in building this campaign!

Do you have crime-free programs and/or nuisance property ordinances in your service area? Are tenants reaching for help because they are being threatened with eviction due to these programs or ordinances? How do you begin to investigate the effect of these programs and/or ordinances and consider potential litigation? Come join us for a discussion with advocates who have done these investigations which led to successful litigation challenging these programs and/or laws.

We will also share a *new* guide for advocates on suggested open records requests directed at local governments with crime-free programs and/or nuisance property ordinances.

Moderator:
Kate Walz - Senior Attorney - National Housing Law Project

Speakers
a. Sara Bird, Attorney, Legal Aid Society of Cleveland
b. Joe Mead, Assistant Professor, Cleveland State University; Associate General Counsel, ACLU of Ohio
c. Jennesa Calvo-Friedman, Attorney, ACLU
d. Ian Bratlie, Attorney, ACLU of Minnesota

Nearly 3 million Americans are evicted each year, and experts estimate that number may grow tenfold due to the economic fallout of COVID-19. Yet, in the midst of an unprecedented national eviction crisis, data about evictions is so poor that we don’t know who is losing their homes where, and how to focus aid and outreach. One third of all U.S. counties lack annual eviction figures, to say nothing of information on which neighborhood evictions are happening in, how eviction rates change over time, and who is most at risk.

To solve America’s eviction crisis, we need better data.

Please join New America, the National League of Cities and Stanford Legal Design Lab to probe the challenges of poor eviction data, showcase what happens when we have this data, and chart a path towards improving our local and national eviction data systems.

This event accompanies the release of Recommendations for Creating National and Local Data Systems, developed jointly and co-signed by New America, National League of Cities, Stanford Legal Design Lab, Eviction Lab, National Low Income Housing Coalition, January Advisors, the Beeck Center for Social Impact and Innovation, UNC Greensboro’s Center for Housing and

DETAILS

Date:April 29Time:2:00 pm - 3:00 pmEvent Category:Upcoming

One in three Americans has some type of criminal record, which can create lifelong barriers to housing, employment, education and other opportunities for them and for their families. Clean Slate laws that automatically expunge records for thousands of people can double someone’s wages. The Clean Slate Initiative is a bipartisan coalition that is advancing these policies nationwide.

Over the past three years, Pennsylvania, Michigan and Utah have passed Clean Slate laws to open opportunities for millions — a change that has strengthened COVID-19 pandemic economic recovery and created a more efficient government at the same time. How can cities help returning citizens get jobs? In Detroit, helping someone clear their criminal record is four times as effective as traditional job training.

During this presentation, Clean Slate representatives will show how criminal justice systems that do not have expansive record-clearing policies are burdensome and costly — not only for those with records, but for government as well. Often, the justice system disproportionately disenfranchises and oppresses communities of color by stripping away opportunities for human connection, financial stability and the right to vote, among countless other collateral consequences, turning what may be a limited time in prison into a lifelong sentence.

Join Next City for a webinar with representatives from Clean Slate Initiative — Sheena Meade, Jesse Kelley and Alia Toran-Burrell of Code For America — as they discuss “How Clean Slate Laws Create Better Cities.” Meade will speak on the role that automatic record clearance plays in a successful COVID-19 economic recovery and in stabilizing struggling industries. Toran-Burrell will highlight how technology is central to the idea of automation, and how states can use automation technology effectively. Kelley will discuss the policy implications and variances of expungement laws across multiple states.

Register now and join us on Wednesday, April 28 at 1 p.m. Eastern time.

Host:

Cinnamon Janzer is a freelance journalist based in Minneapolis. Her work has appeared National Geographic, U.S. News & World Report, Rewire.news, and more. She holds an MA in Social Design, with a specialization in intervention design, from the Maryland Institute College of Art and a BA in Cultural Anthropology and Fine Art from the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities.

Speakers:

A seasoned organizer, campaigner and advocate, Sheena Meade’s calling is to transform pain into power. As a mother and an activist, Sheena knows firsthand that the communities most impacted by injustice are closest to the solutions. This truth has been a driving force behind her career in organizing, philanthropy and nonprofits.

Meade is the first Managing Director of the Clean Slate Initiative, a national bipartisan coalition advancing policies to automatically clear all eligible criminal records across the United States. Prior to joining the Clean Slate Initiative, She helped restore voting rights to 1.4 million people experiencing felony disenfranchisement as the Director of Strategic Partnerships for the bipartisan Florida Rights Restoration Coalition (FRRC) and Senior Advisor to the Second Chances Florida Campaign.

Jesse Kelley is a National Campaign Manager with the Clean Slate Initiative, where she is responsible for managing state-level campaigns in an organization focused on expanding and automating the criminal record clearing process. Previously, Kelley served as Government Affairs Manager for Criminal Justice & Civil Liberties at the R Street Institute, where she advocated, researched, and drafted policy papers relating to policing reform, juvenile justice, reintegration, post-conviction life and related topics. 

Earlier in her career, Kelley served as legislative counsel at the Marijuana Policy Project where she led the development and implementation of state advocacy initiatives and saw decriminalization and legalization successes across the country. She practiced law as a criminal defense attorney in Alabama and worked with the Mississippi Innocence Project on post-conviction issues, specifically investigating cases where convictions relied heavily on forensic evidence.

Alia Toran-Burrell is the Associate Program Director with Code for America’s Clear My Record initiative, where she leads partnerships and program strategies. Before joining Code for America, she managed a jail diversion program in Massachusetts, working to divert people with mental health and substance abuse issues away from the criminal legal system.

Toran-Burrell is a social worker by training and has over ten years of experience in the field, including work as a community organizer and social justice educator.

This webinar is to pay what you wish to register. Pay any amount that you would like or nothing at all. Those who become sustaining members of at least $5 a month, or who make a one-time donation of at least $20, may receive “The 20 Best Solutions of 2020” — Next City’s solutions of the year magazine. Next City now accepts both Apple and Google Pay. Your contribution toward this seminar will be used to find even more amazing guests, cover hosting fees and organize seminars like this one more frequently. A video of the webinar will be made available to those who register.

The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated preexisting housing challenges for many low- and moderate-income US renter households, leading to a crisis in which an estimated $25 to $34 billion in rental payments were outstanding as of late 2020. However, there is very little data on how landlords have responded to this financial strain. In this session, Elijah de la Campa, a Senior Research Associate in Economics and Urban Analytics at the Bloomberg Harvard City Leadership Initiative, will present preliminary findings from a recent Center-supported survey of landlords in a dozen US cities.  He will present findings on the magnitude of the rent arrears crisis, the steps landlords have been taking in response to loss of income, and their willingness to participate in public and non-profit rental assistance programs.

We are continuing our monthly series on conditions advocacy. This month we will be joined by David Rosen, Amy Marx, and Daisy Ruiz to discuss their advocacy work in conjunction with the residents of Church Street South.

Church Street South is one of many examples of the importance of empowered residents, local advocacy, and the current inadequacies of HUD's physical inspection protocols. The residents at Church Street South lived with serious health and safety defects. With the support of attorneys at New Haven Legal Assistance, families advocated with HUD regarding the agency’s duty to provide decent, safe, and sanitary housing. Through their advocacy, families relocated to alternative housing, and the subsidy was transferred elsewhere in the state. Subsequently, the Law Office of Rosen and Associates filed a complaint on behalf of residents, raising state law claims, including tort claims. In February, the parties in Noble et al. v. Northland Investment Corporation et al. settled the case.

Our panelist will share their experiences with conditions advocacy, best practices, and the impact this case has had on their clients.

Panelists:
David Rosen, David Rosen and Associates PC
Amy Marx, New Haven Legal Assistance
Daisy Ruiz, New Haven Legal Assistance

Professor Archer will present on Jim Crow in the 21st Century: Policing-Based Housing Policies, Racial Segregation, and Mass Criminalization. This lecture will explore the central role that mass criminalization plays in locking people out of housing, and how these laws facilitate racial segregation and import the racial biases of the criminal legal system into housing markets.

A Free Webinar Presented by Community Legal Services of Philadelphia through the National Record Clearing Project, with funding from the WK Kellogg Foundation Description: In the past two years we have seen two pioneering studies about record clearing: J.J. Prescott and Sonja Starr’s “Expungement of Criminal Convictions: An Empirical Study” (March 2019, Harvard Law Review) and Colleen Chien’s “America's Paper Prisons: The Second Chance Gap” (December 2020, Michigan Law Review). These papers have changed the way advocates talk about record clearing by answering questions like: • How many people qualify for record relief but have not accessed it? • What is the “second chance gap,” and why does it exist? • Does record clearing lead to higher wages? To more crime? • What can we do to increase access to record clearing? What barriers must be addressed? J.J. Prescott and Colleen Chien will answer these questions and more as they discuss their research in our upcoming webinar on Friday, March 26 at 2 PM. Rebecca Vallas will show us how this research can be leveraged by advocates to better represent clients and to achieve record clearing progress. Presenters: • J.J. Prescott, Professor of Law, University of Michigan Law School • Colleen Chien, Professor of Law, Santa Clara University School of Law • Rebecca Vallas, Senior Fellow, Center for American Progress

This conversation will feature the Right to Counsel NYC Coalition (RTCNYC) which led to New York City becoming the first city in the nation to pass Right to Counsel! RTCNYC was founded by CASA (Community Action for Safe Apartments) in 2014. RTCNYC is a tenant-led, broad-based coalition that formed in 2014 to disrupt Housing Court as a center of displacement and stop the eviction crisis that has threatened our homes for too long. The Coalition is made up of tenants, organizers, advocates, legal services organizations and more! Join us to learn more about how the right to counsel campaign got started, wins and losses along the way, thoughts and ideas about implementation, and where organizers plan to go from here. To learn more about the right and current campaign work to expand RTC statewide, visit the Right to Counsel Coalition of NYC’s website at www.righttocounselnyc.org.

Join NLIHC for a webinar on March 12, 2021 at 1 pm ET to learn how emergency rental assistance programs can incorporate racial equity in their program structure and effectively serve households with extremely low incomes. The panel discussion will feature two successful programs: the Santa Clara County Homelessness Prevention System, led by Destination: Home and Sacred Heart Community Service, and the State of Washington's Eviction Rent Assistance program. Program administrators will share their innovative strategies and lessons learned on how to advance racial equity and serve tenants with the greatest needs in their communities.

Panelists include:

Chad Bojorquez, chief program officer at Destination: Home
Erin Stanton, director of family assistance at Sacred Heart Community Service
Milan Balinton, executive director at African American Community Service Agency
Emily Burgess, performance manager at Washington State Department of Commerce
Kathryn Dodge, grant manager at Washington State Department of Commerce
Rebecca Yae, senior research analyst at National Low Income Housing Coalition (moderator)

This webinar looks at various types of land use policies that create disparities and provides a look at how housing advocates from one state (Connecticut) are proposing to revise state zoning laws to reduce segregation.

There is an overwhelming mound of evidence that housing segregation and inequity in the United States was perpetuated in part by federal, state, and local government land use and zoning policies. This free webinar looks at various types of land use policies that create disparities and provides a look at how housing advocates from one state (Connecticut) are proposing to revise state zoning laws to reduce segregation.

On January 5, 2021, the U.S. Treasury Department launched the $25 billion Emergency Rental Assistance Program (“ERAP”). While financial rental assistance is a key strategy to address rental debt, emergency rental assistance programs alone are insufficient to prevent a mass eviction crisis and protect the public health.

NHLP is hosting this webinar for the Housing Justice Network to address how rental assistance, paired with other policies to stabilize renter households, can help ensure the immediate and future economic stability of low-income tenants.

Mariel Block from NHLP will moderate a panel of local advocates from across the country. Discussion topics will include (1) best practices for the administration of rental assistance, (2) how to structure successful repayment plans, and (3) local rent cancellation campaigns and other policies to protect tenants’ credit.

Join the Urban Institute and the Urban–Greater DC Initiative for a virtual discussion on strategies for promoting housing stability during an economic downturn as the eviction moratoria end in the DC, Maryland, and Virginia (DMV) region.

In the wake of COVID-19, the long-standing affordable housing crisis weighs heavily on renters in Washington, DC, and the surrounding Maryland and Virginia counties. Unemployment rates have skyrocketed, leaving millions of DMV renters struggling to pay rent and driving housing instability. Moratoria will likely end in 2021, back rent will be due, and local renters will continue to struggle with payments as the economic fallout of COVID-19 extends. Past and present racist housing and employment policies exacerbate disparities and risks for people of color, driving the risk of eviction even higher for Black and Latinx renters during and after the pandemic.

Panelists will discuss the DMV’s current housing instability and explore the impacts of lifting the eviction moratorium during the current economic landscape. The conversation will focus on potential policy solutions—such as cancelling rent—for promoting housing stability, preventing a wave of evictions, and contributing to a more equitable recovery in the region.

In response to the current economic and public health crisis, federal, state, and local governments have responded with numerous policy solutions to keep renters stably housed. Join Community Solutions and the National Low Income Housing Coalition (NLIHC) to learn more about how to prevent evictions and their negative impacts on communities during the pandemic.

We invited a panel of experts to educate, inform, and energize communities around:
• the framework for an equitable response to COVID-19
• the impact of evictions on communities
• the effectiveness of current eviction moratoriums
• the landscape of emergency rental assistance programs and their implementation.